Abortion and Rights (03-Dec-2003)
I believe that there are some problems with the "violinist" and
"people-seed" analogies used by Thomson, because the picture she paints does
not fully capture the situation of a woman faced with an unwanted pregnancy:
- the violinist in the story has no relationship to the unwilling
donor at all: they've never had anything to do with one another until now, and
it's only by chance that the two individuals share a common blood type. This
isn't the case with pregnancy, where the mother is (albeit unwittingly in some
cases) directly responsible for the foetus finding itself in the situation it
does. Perhaps we should consider whether it would make a difference if the
violinist's kidney failure was a consequence of the other person shooting him
(abeit unwittingly) in the back while engaging in the sport of target
practice.
- Thomson's hospital director says to the unfortunate patient "to unplug you
would be to kill him", which carries the implication that the death is an
unintended, but forseen side effect of the unplugging, and so might be seen as
appealing to the Doctrine of Double Effect. This isn't quite the same as the
choice faced by a pregnant woman though: I think a more realistic way to put
this would be "before unplugging him we have to kill him". And while it may
not make a moral difference, it might be added that the method of killing is
not always particularly "clean"
- Unlike cases of violinist and "people-seed", there is a unique relationship
between a mother and her unborn child. Our society does recognize this and
there are laws which protect this relationship. For example, after a divorce
where the father is given custody, the mother will be granted access rights;
when a child is adopted it has a legal right to find the identity of its
natural mother. Balanced against these rights we should expect there to be
some degree of responsibility, which Thomson's thought-experiments completely
ignore.
Another issue of concern is that running through the essay is an
implication that a woman bases her decision to abort on the problems
associated with pregnancy per se. In fact, for many women the issue is not an
"unwanted pregnancy" but an "unwanted child": the concerns are chiefly about
how they will cope with the responsibility of being a mother and bringing up a
child. Thomson may say that the right of the mother to choose the fate of her
foetus exists regardless of the motivation for her choices, but I think that
once this right is granted, we make it slightly less difficult for women in
this situation to choose abortion, when there may be other options
(e.g. adoption) that would address the real concern (unwanted child).